The term “براغماتية” seems to refer to pragmatics, a branch of linguistics that deals with language in use, including the study of language in context and the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics examines how speakers use language in real situations, taking into account factors such as context, social norms, and shared knowledge.
In linguistics, pragmatics focuses on the following aspects:
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Context: Pragmatics considers the context in which language is used, including the physical setting, the participants involved, their shared knowledge, and the purposes of their communication.
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Inference: Pragmatics looks at how listeners or readers infer meaning that is not explicitly stated based on context and background knowledge. This includes understanding implied meanings, indirect speech acts, and conversational implicatures.
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Speech Acts: Pragmatics studies speech acts, which are actions performed through speech. Examples include making requests, giving commands, making promises, and expressing gratitude. Pragmatics examines how speech acts are performed and interpreted in different contexts.
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Presupposition: Pragmatics deals with presuppositions, which are assumptions that speakers or writers expect their audience to share. Understanding presuppositions is crucial for interpreting meaning accurately in communication.
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Implicature: Pragmatics investigates implicature, which refers to implied meaning that arises in conversation. This can occur through indirect speech acts, implicatures based on conversational maxims (such as the Gricean maxims), and other contextual cues.
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Politeness: Pragmatics includes the study of politeness strategies in language use. This involves understanding how speakers mitigate face threats, show respect, and navigate social hierarchies through language.
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Deixis: Pragmatics examines deixis, which refers to the use of words and phrases that depend on context for their interpretation. Deictic expressions include pronouns (e.g., “I,” “you,” “he,” “she”), demonstratives (e.g., “this,” “that”), and adverbs of place and time (e.g., “here,” “there,” “now,” “then”).
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Conversational Structure: Pragmatics analyzes the structure of conversations, including turn-taking, topic management, repair strategies (fixing misunderstandings), and the cooperative principles that guide effective communication.
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Cultural Context: Pragmatics takes into account cultural factors that influence language use, such as cultural norms, values, and conventions of politeness and interaction.
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Language Variation: Pragmatics considers how language use varies across different contexts, social groups, and communicative purposes. This includes studying regional dialects, sociolects, and registers (formal vs. informal language).
Overall, pragmatics is concerned with the ways in which language users navigate the complexities of communication, taking into account not just the literal meaning of words and sentences but also the social, cultural, and situational factors that shape meaning and interpretation.
More Informations
Pragmatics, as a field of study, delves deeply into the intricate nuances of human communication beyond the mere words exchanged. It examines how language users navigate the subtleties of meaning, inference, and social interaction within various contexts. Here are further insights into the key aspects of pragmatics:
Contextual Understanding
Pragmatics emphasizes the critical role of context in shaping meaning. This includes not only the immediate linguistic context but also the broader situational and cultural context. For instance, a simple phrase like “It’s cold in here” can have different meanings depending on whether it’s uttered in a chilly room or as a comment on someone’s behavior.
Speech Acts and Communicative Intent
Central to pragmatics is the study of speech acts, which are actions performed through speech. These can range from making assertions and asking questions to giving commands and making promises. Understanding the intended speech act is crucial for interpreting meaning accurately in communication.
Grice’s Cooperative Principle
Pragmatics often refers to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, which states that in communication, people are generally expected to be cooperative and contribute to the conversation in a meaningful way. This principle encompasses maxims such as being truthful, relevant, and clear in communication.
Implicature and Inference
Implicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises in conversation. This can occur through indirect speech acts, implicatures based on conversational implicatures (such as relevance and quantity), and other contextual cues. Pragmatics explores how listeners or readers make inferences to derive implicit meanings.
Politeness and Face Threats
Politeness strategies are another crucial aspect of pragmatics. These strategies involve mitigating face threats, showing respect, and navigating social hierarchies through language. Politeness theory, developed by linguists such as Brown and Levinson, provides insights into how politeness is achieved in different cultural contexts.
Deixis and Indexicality
Deixis refers to the use of words and phrases whose interpretation depends on context, such as pronouns (“I,” “you”), demonstratives (“this,” “that”), and temporal or spatial adverbs (“here,” “there,” “now,” “then”). Pragmatics explores how deixis contributes to meaning and reference in communication.
Conversational Structure and Dynamics
Pragmatics analyzes the structure of conversations, including turn-taking, topic management, repair strategies (addressing misunderstandings), and the cooperative principles that guide effective communication. It also considers factors such as conversational implicatures, presuppositions, and implicatures.
Cultural and Societal Influences
Cultural factors play a significant role in pragmatics. Different cultures may have distinct norms, values, and conventions of politeness and interaction. Pragmatics studies how cultural differences impact language use and communication styles.
Variability and Register
Pragmatics recognizes that language use varies across different contexts, social groups, and communicative purposes. This variability includes regional dialects, sociolects (language variation based on social factors), and registers (formal vs. informal language).
Pragmatic Competence
Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to use language effectively in social contexts, understanding not only the literal meaning of words but also the implicit meanings, social conventions, and pragmatic implications. It involves sensitivity to cultural norms, communicative intentions, and context.
Applications in Language Teaching and Analysis
Pragmatics has practical applications in language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and intercultural communication. Understanding pragmatic aspects of language is essential for effective communication in diverse settings and for interpreting meaning beyond literal expressions.
In essence, pragmatics illuminates the rich tapestry of human communication, highlighting the complex interplay between language, context, culture, and social interaction. It provides valuable insights into how meaning is created, negotiated, and understood in everyday interactions.