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The continental dry climate, also known as a continental desert climate or a cold desert climate, is characterized by low precipitation and large temperature fluctuations between day and night, as well as between seasons. This climate is typically found in the interior regions of continents, far from large bodies of water that could moderate temperatures or provide moisture.
One of the key features of a continental dry climate is its low annual precipitation, often less than 250 millimeters (10 inches) per year. This lack of moisture results in arid or semi-arid conditions, with limited vegetation and often barren landscapes dominated by sand or rock.
Temperature variations are another hallmark of this climate type. During the day, temperatures can be quite high due to the strong insolation (incoming solar radiation), but at night, they can drop significantly due to the lack of moisture in the air to trap heat. This diurnal temperature range can be extreme, with differences of 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit) or more not uncommon.
Seasonal temperature variations are also pronounced in continental dry climates. Summers can be very hot, with temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), while winters can be cold, with temperatures below freezing. These temperature extremes are due to the lack of moderating influences from nearby bodies of water.
Examples of regions with a continental dry climate include parts of central Asia, central Australia, and the interior of North America. These areas are often characterized by vast deserts, such as the Gobi Desert in Asia, the Great Victoria Desert in Australia, and the Great Basin Desert in North America.
Despite the harsh conditions, life has adapted to thrive in continental dry climates. Many plants and animals have evolved specialized adaptations to conserve water and withstand the extreme temperatures, making these regions unique and biologically diverse in their own right.