Morocco, a land steeped in history and culture, boasts a rich tapestry of ancient cities that have stood the test of time. Among these, the city of Fes holds the distinction of being one of the oldest and most historically significant cities not just in Morocco, but in the entire Arab world.
Fes, also spelled Fez, is situated in northern Morocco, nestled at the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Its history dates back over a thousand years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in North Africa. The city’s founding is attributed to Idris I, who established the Idrisid Dynasty and is considered the founder of Morocco. Fes quickly grew in importance due to its strategic location on the crossroads of trade routes connecting the Mediterranean with sub-Saharan Africa.
The city flourished under the rule of the Idrisids, becoming a center of learning, culture, and religion. It was during this period that the University of Al Quaraouiyine, considered the oldest continuously operating university in the world, was founded in Fes in 859 AD. This institution played a pivotal role in the spread of knowledge throughout the Muslim world and beyond, cementing Fes’s reputation as an intellectual hub.
Fes reached its zenith during the Marinid Dynasty (13th-15th centuries), when it served as the capital of Morocco. The Marinids undertook extensive building projects, including the construction of the impressive city walls and numerous mosques and madrasas that still stand today as architectural marvels. These structures reflect the intricate Islamic architectural style prevalent during that era, characterized by ornate tile work, intricate carvings, and expansive courtyards.
One of the most iconic landmarks of Fes is the sprawling Fes el-Bali, the old walled city that houses numerous historic sites, markets (souks), and residential areas. Fes el-Bali is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is renowned for its labyrinthine streets, where traditional craftsmanship such as pottery, leatherwork, and metalwork continue to thrive in bustling workshops unchanged for centuries.
The city’s layout is a testament to its long history, with narrow alleys and winding streets that seem to transport visitors back in time. The famous tanneries of Fes, where leather is processed using methods dating back to medieval times, offer a glimpse into the city’s traditional industries and artisanal heritage.
In addition to its architectural and cultural significance, Fes has long been a center of religious devotion. The city is home to numerous mosques, including the stunning Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, which is part of the university and remains a focal point of spiritual and academic life in Fes.
Over the centuries, Fes has faced periods of decline and resurgence, with each phase leaving its mark on the city’s character and architecture. Despite the modernization and development that have touched parts of Morocco, Fes has retained much of its ancient allure, maintaining its status as a vibrant cultural and spiritual center.
Today, Fes continues to attract visitors from around the world who come to explore its rich history, vibrant souks, and architectural treasures. The city’s annual Fes Festival of World Sacred Music, launched in 1994, has further bolstered its reputation as a global cultural destination, showcasing music, arts, and spirituality from diverse traditions.
In summary, Fes stands as a living testament to Morocco’s enduring legacy, blending centuries of history with a thriving contemporary culture. Its ancient medina, academic institutions, and architectural splendors make it not only one of the oldest cities in Morocco but also a jewel of the Arab world, preserving traditions and heritage that resonate far beyond its walls.