In English, the months of the year are typically listed in the following order:
- January
- February
- March
- April
- May
- June
- July
- August
- September
- October
- November
- December
This order is based on the Gregorian calendar, which is the most widely used calendar system in the world today. Each month has a varying number of days, with February being the shortest month and having 28 or 29 days in a leap year, and July and August having 31 days each, which makes them the longest months in terms of days.
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The months of the year in English derive from a combination of Roman and Germanic influences. January is named after Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and transitions, February is believed to come from the Latin word “februum,” meaning purification, possibly referring to purification rituals performed during this month. March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. April’s origins are uncertain, but it may come from the Latin word “aperire,” meaning to open, perhaps referring to the opening of buds and flowers in spring.
May is named after Maia, the Roman goddess of spring and growth. June is believed to be named after Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage and childbirth. July was named in honor of Julius Caesar, the Roman general and statesman who was born in this month. August was named after Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor, who also had the month named in his honor.
September, October, November, and December are derived from the Latin words for seven (septem), eight (octo), nine (novem), and ten (decem), respectively, indicating their original positions in the Roman calendar, which started the year in March. When January and February were added to the Roman calendar later, their position as the first and second months pushed the others back.
The Gregorian calendar, which is the calendar system most commonly used today, was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 to reform the Julian calendar, which had become out of sync with the solar year. The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, with an average year length of 365.2425 days. It includes leap years to keep the calendar year in alignment with the astronomical year.