Iraq is a country situated in the Middle East, occupying a central position in the western part of Asia. Geographically, it is bordered by several countries and features a diverse landscape that includes deserts, mountains, and fertile plains. To the north, Iraq shares a border with Turkey, extending over approximately 331 kilometers (205 miles). The northeastern boundary of Iraq is delineated by Iran, with a border stretching about 1,458 kilometers (907 miles). To the west, Iraq is flanked by Syria and Jordan, with the Syrian border running approximately 605 kilometers (376 miles) and the Jordanian border spanning roughly 181 kilometers (112 miles). To the south, Iraq shares a border with Saudi Arabia, which measures about 811 kilometers (504 miles). Additionally, Iraq has a southeastern coastline along the Persian Gulf, which extends for approximately 58 kilometers (36 miles).
The geography of Iraq is marked by a contrast between its arid desert regions and its fertile river valleys. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which are crucial to the country’s agricultural productivity and historical significance, flow from the northwest to the southeast, converging to form the Shatt al-Arab waterway that empties into the Persian Gulf. This river system has historically supported the development of Mesopotamian civilizations, providing essential irrigation to the otherwise arid region.
The northern part of Iraq features the Zagros mountain range, which extends into the country from Iran. This mountainous region is characterized by rugged terrain and is home to diverse flora and fauna. The central region of Iraq is dominated by the broad and fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known for its agricultural productivity and historical importance as the cradle of ancient civilizations. The southern part of Iraq transitions into desert landscapes, which are less hospitable but play a role in the country’s natural resource base, particularly oil reserves.
Iraq’s climate varies significantly across its regions. The northern areas, with their mountainous terrain, experience a more temperate climate with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation compared to the rest of the country. The central and southern parts of Iraq are characterized by a desert climate, marked by hot, dry summers and mild winters. Rainfall is scarce and irregular, contributing to the arid conditions of the region. The southernmost part, with its proximity to the Persian Gulf, has a hot and humid climate, particularly during the summer months.
Historically, Iraq has been a significant center of civilization. It is situated in the region known as Mesopotamia, which translates to “the land between the rivers.” This area is renowned for its early developments in writing, law, and urbanization. Ancient cities such as Babylon, Ur, and Nineveh were located within the boundaries of present-day Iraq, and they played crucial roles in the development of early human societies. The legacy of these ancient civilizations continues to influence the region’s cultural and historical identity.
In modern times, Iraq’s geopolitical position has made it a focal point of regional and international interest. The country has experienced significant political and social upheaval, including conflicts and wars that have shaped its recent history. The Gulf War in 1990-1991, the Iraq War that began in 2003, and subsequent political instability have all had profound impacts on Iraq’s development and its role in the international community. Despite these challenges, Iraq remains a nation with a rich cultural heritage and significant strategic importance due to its location and natural resources.