programming

Go Backend Development Guide

Creating a backend, also known as server-side development, in the Go programming language involves a series of steps that span from project setup to handling HTTP requests, implementing business logic, and interacting with databases. In the following comprehensive guide, we will delve into the step-by-step process of building a backend using Go, providing detailed explanations for each phase.

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Step 1: Environment Setup

To commence the journey of crafting a robust backend in Go, the first step involves setting up the development environment. This encompasses installing the Go programming language, configuring the workspace, and ensuring that the necessary tools are readily available. Go’s official website (https://golang.org/) is a valuable resource for obtaining the latest version of the language, accompanied by installation instructions tailored to your operating system.

Once Go is successfully installed, create a workspace directory and set up the essential subdirectories, such as ‘src,’ ‘bin,’ and ‘pkg.’ The ‘src’ directory will host the source code of your project, providing a structured foundation for future development.

Step 2: Project Initialization

Proceed by initializing a new Go module within your project directory. The ‘go mod’ command is instrumental in managing dependencies and versioning. Execute the following command in your terminal:

bash
go mod init

This command initializes a go module with the specified name, acting as a central point for dependency management.

Step 3: HTTP Server Setup

Constructing a backend necessitates the establishment of an HTTP server to handle incoming requests. The ‘net/http’ package in Go provides the requisite tools for creating a server. Begin by creating a file, for example, ‘main.go,’ and import the ‘net/http’ package.

go
package main

import (
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
	})

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This simple HTTP server responds with “Hello, World!” for any incoming request to the root path.

Step 4: Routing

Enhance the server by incorporating a routing mechanism to handle different endpoints. The ‘gorilla/mux’ package is a popular choice for routing in Go. Install it using the following command:

bash
go get -u github.com/gorilla/mux

Now, modify the server code to utilize the ‘mux’ router:

go
package main

import (
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
	}).Methods("GET")

	http.Handle("/", router)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This implementation employs the ‘mux’ router to define a route for handling GET requests to the root path.

Step 5: Middleware Integration

Middleware plays a pivotal role in intercepting and processing requests before they reach the designated handlers. Integrate middleware functions to enhance your backend’s functionality. For instance, consider a middleware function for logging:

go
package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func LoggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		log.Printf("Request: %s %s", r.Method, r.RequestURI)
		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.Use(LoggingMiddleware)

	router.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
	}).Methods("GET")

	http.Handle("/", router)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This example incorporates a logging middleware that prints information about incoming requests before passing them to the designated handler.

Step 6: Business Logic Implementation

Develop the core functionality of your backend by implementing business logic. Create packages and structures to organize your code effectively. For instance, consider a simple user management system:

go
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

type User struct {
	ID       string `json:"id"`
	Username string `json:"username"`
	Email    string `json:"email"`
}

var users = []User{
	{ID: "1", Username: "john_doe", Email: "[email protected]"},
	{ID: "2", Username: "jane_doe", Email: "[email protected]"},
}

func GetUsers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}

func GetUserByID(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	params := mux.Vars(r)
	for _, user := range users {
		if user.ID == params["id"] {
			json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(user)
			return
		}
	}
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
	w.Write([]byte("User not found"))
}

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.Use(LoggingMiddleware)

	router.HandleFunc("/users", GetUsers).Methods("GET")
	router.HandleFunc("/users/{id}", GetUserByID).Methods("GET")

	http.Handle("/", router)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This implementation introduces a ‘User’ struct and two handlers for retrieving a list of users and a specific user by their ID.

Step 7: Database Interaction

For a more realistic backend, integrate a database to persistently store and retrieve data. The ‘database/sql’ package in conjunction with a database driver, such as ‘github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql,’ enables seamless database connectivity. First, install the required driver:

bash
go get -u github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql

Subsequently, modify the code to initialize a database connection and interact with it:

go
package main

import (
	"database/sql"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

var db *sql.DB

func init() {
	var err error
	db, err = sql.Open("mysql", "username:password@tcp(localhost:3306)/database_name")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

func GetUsers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}
	defer rows.Close()

	var users []User
	for rows.Next() {
		var user User
		err := rows.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(err)
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
			w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
			return
		}
		users = append(users, user)
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}

func GetUserByID(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	params := mux.Vars(r)
	var user User
	err := db.QueryRow("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", params["id"]).Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
	if err != nil {
		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
			w.Write([]byte("User not found"))
			return
		}
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(user)
}

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.Use(LoggingMiddleware)

	router.HandleFunc("/users", GetUsers).Methods("GET")
	router.HandleFunc("/users/{id}", GetUserByID).Methods("GET")

	http.Handle("/", router)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This augmentation introduces database initialization in the ‘init’ function and modifies the user handlers to interact with the database.

Step 8: Error Handling

Effective error handling is paramount for a robust backend. Enhance your code by incorporating meaningful error responses to aid in troubleshooting and debugging. For example:

go
func GetUserByID(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	params := mux.Vars(r)
	var user User
	err := db.QueryRow("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", params["id"]).Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
	if err != nil {
		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
			w.Write([]byte("User not found"))
			return
		}
		log.Printf("Database error: %v", err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(user)
}

This modification provides more informative error responses in the event of a user not being found or a database error.

Step 9: Authentication and Authorization

Secure your backend by implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms. Utilize libraries like ‘github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go’ for JSON Web Token (JWT) authentication. Here’s a simplified example:

go
package main

import (
	"database/sql"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
	"github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go"
)

var db *sql.DB
var secretKey = []byte("your_secret_key")

func init() {
	var err error
	db, err = sql.Open("mysql", "username:password@tcp(localhost:3306)/database_name")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

// Middleware for validating JWT
func AuthMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		tokenString := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
		if tokenString == "" {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
			w.Write([]byte("Unauthorized"))
			return
		}

		token, err := jwt.Parse(tokenString, func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
			return secretKey, nil
		})
		if err != nil {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
			w.Write([]byte("Unauthorized"))
			return
		}

		if !token.Valid {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
			w.Write([]byte("Unauthorized"))
			return
		}

		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

func GetUsers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}
	defer rows.Close()

	var users []User
	for rows.Next() {
		var user User
		err := rows.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(err)
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
			w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
			return
		}
		users = append(users, user)
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}

// Handler for creating JWT
func Login(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	// Authenticate user (validate credentials, check database, etc.)
	// Assuming authentication is successful, create a JWT
	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, jwt.MapClaims{
		"username": "example_user",
		"exp":      jwt.TimeFunc().Add(time.Hour * 24).Unix(),
	})

	tokenString, err := token.SignedString(secretKey)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	w.Write([]byte(tokenString))
}

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.Use(LoggingMiddleware)

	router.HandleFunc("/login", Login).Methods("POST")
	router.HandleFunc("/users", GetUsers).Methods("GET").Middleware(AuthMiddleware)

	http.Handle("/", router)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

This example introduces an authentication middleware and a login handler that generates JWTs upon successful authentication.

Step 10: Testing

A comprehensive backend necessitates thorough testing to ensure reliability and identify potential issues. Utilize Go’s testing framework to create test functions for each component. For instance, create a file named ‘main_test.go’ containing tests for the user handlers:

go
package main

import (
	"net/http"
	"net/http/httptest"
	"testing"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func TestGetUsers(t *testing.T) {
	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "/users", nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
	handler := http.HandlerFunc(GetUsers)

	handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)

	if status := rr.Code; status != http.StatusOK {
		t.Errorf("Handler returned wrong status code: got %v want %v", status, http.StatusOK)
	}

	expected := `[{"id":"1","username":"john_doe","email":"[email protected]"},{"id":"2","username":"jane_doe","email":"[email protected]"}]`
	if rr.Body.String() != expected {
		t.Errorf("Handler returned unexpected body: got %v want %v", rr.Body.String(), expected)
	}
}

// Add similar tests for other handlers

Execute tests using the ‘go test’ command:

bash
go test

These tests ensure that your handlers return the correct status codes and expected responses.

In conclusion, this step-by-step guide has illuminated the intricate process of creating a backend in the Go programming language, encompassing everything from project setup and HTTP server creation to routing, middleware integration, database interaction, error handling, authentication, and testing. This holistic approach ensures the development of a robust and scalable backend system, aligning with best practices in Go programming.

More Informations

Continuing on the expansive journey of backend development in the Go programming language, let’s delve further into advanced topics, optimization techniques, and considerations that enrich the architectural landscape of a robust server-side application.

Step 11: Structured Logging

Elevate your logging practices by incorporating structured logging, a method that formats log entries in a way that facilitates easy analysis and parsing. The ‘logrus’ package is a popular choice for structured logging in Go. Begin by installing it:

bash
go get -u github.com/sirupsen/logrus

Integrate ‘logrus’ into your project and enhance the logging middleware:

go
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

var logger = logrus.New()

func LoggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		logger.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
			"method": r.Method,
			"path":   r.RequestURI,
		}).Info("Request received")

		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

// Rest of the code remains unchanged

This modification introduces structured logging using ‘logrus,’ providing a more insightful and organized approach to log entries.

Step 12: Context-Based Request Handling

Harness the power of context in Go to manage deadlines, cancellations, and request-scoped values. Modify your handlers to accept a ‘context.Context’ parameter:

go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

func GetUsers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := r.Context()

	// Use ctx for deadline, cancellation, or request-scoped values

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT * FROM users")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}
	defer rows.Close()

	var users []User
	for rows.Next() {
		var user User
		err := rows.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(err)
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
			w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
			return
		}
		users = append(users, user)
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}

// Rest of the code remains unchanged

This modification allows for better control over the lifecycle of a request and facilitates handling deadlines and cancellations.

Step 13: Concurrent Processing with Goroutines

Leverage Goroutines to introduce concurrency in your backend, enabling it to efficiently handle multiple requests simultaneously. For example, modify the user retrieval function to use Goroutines:

go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

func GetUsers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := r.Context()

	// Use ctx for deadline, cancellation, or request-scoped values

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT * FROM users")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}
	defer rows.Close()

	var users []User
	userChan := make(chan User)

	go func() {
		for rows.Next() {
			var user User
			err := rows.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Username, &user.Email)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
				w.Write([]byte("Internal Server Error"))
				return
			}
			userChan <- user
		}
		close(userChan)
	}()

	for user := range userChan {
		users = append(users, user)
	}

	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}

// Rest of the code remains unchanged

This modification introduces Goroutines for concurrent processing of database rows, enhancing the backend’s responsiveness.

Step 14: Rate Limiting

Implement rate limiting to prevent abuse and ensure fair usage of your backend resources. The ‘github.com/juju/ratelimit’ package provides a simple way to achieve this. Install it using:

bash
go get -u github.com/juju/ratelimit

Integrate rate limiting into your middleware:

go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
	"github.com/juju/ratelimit"
)

var limiter = ratelimit.NewBucketWithRate(100, 100)

func RateLimitMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		if limiter.TakeAvailable(1) == 0 {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
			w.Write([]byte("Rate limit exceeded"))
			return
		}

		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

// Rest of the code remains unchanged

This modification introduces rate limiting in the middleware, allowing only a specified number of requests per second.

Step 15: HTTPS Support

Enhance the security of your backend by enabling HTTPS. Acquire an SSL certificate and modify the server initialization to support HTTPS:

go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
	"github.com/juju/ratelimit"
)

var limiter = ratelimit.NewBucketWithRate(100, 100)

func RateLimitMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		if limiter.TakeAvailable(1) == 0 {
			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
			w.Write([]byte("Rate limit exceeded"))
			return
		}

		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

func main() {
	router := mux.NewRouter()

	router.Use(LoggingMiddleware)
	router.Use(RateLimitMiddleware)

	router.HandleFunc("/users", GetUsers).Methods("GET")

	server := &http.Server{
		Addr:    ":8443",
		Handler: router,
	}

	log.Fatal(server.ListenAndServeTLS("path/to/cert.pem", "path/to/key.pem"))
}

This modification ensures that your backend is served over HTTPS, adding an extra layer of security to data in transit.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this extended exploration of backend development in Go has covered advanced topics such as structured logging, context-based request handling, concurrent processing with Goroutines, rate limiting, and enabling HTTPS support. By incorporating these practices into your backend architecture, you ensure not only robustness and scalability but also security and efficient resource utilization. This comprehensive guide underscores the versatility and power of the Go programming language in crafting high-performance and reliable server-side applications.

Keywords

  1. Backend Development:

    • Explanation: Backend development refers to the creation and maintenance of server-side logic and functionality in a web application. It involves handling data storage, business logic, and server operations.

  2. Go Programming Language:

    • Explanation: The Go programming language, often referred to as Golang, is an open-source language developed by Google. Known for its simplicity, efficiency, and concurrency support, Go is commonly used for building scalable and performant backend applications.

  3. HTTP Server:

    • Explanation: An HTTP server is a software application that processes incoming HTTP requests from clients (such as web browsers) and provides appropriate responses. It forms the core infrastructure for handling web communication.

  4. Gorilla/mux:

    • Explanation: Gorilla/mux is a popular third-party package in Go used for routing HTTP requests. It provides a powerful and flexible router that allows developers to define routes and handle different HTTP methods.

  5. Middleware:

    • Explanation: Middleware refers to software components or functions that intervene in the processing of a request before it reaches the final handler. In the context of web development, middleware can be used for tasks such as logging, authentication, and request preprocessing.

  6. Structured Logging:

    • Explanation: Structured logging involves formatting log entries in a way that makes them easily machine-readable and analyzable. It enhances the readability and usefulness of log information, often achieved through the use of structured logging libraries like logrus.

  7. Context-Based Request Handling:

    • Explanation: Context-based request handling involves using the context package in Go to manage deadlines, cancellations, and request-scoped values. It provides a standardized way to pass deadlines and other information across API boundaries.

  8. Goroutines:

    • Explanation: Goroutines are lightweight threads managed by the Go runtime. They allow concurrent execution of functions, enabling efficient handling of multiple tasks simultaneously. Goroutines are a key feature of Go’s concurrency model.

  9. Rate Limiting:

    • Explanation: Rate limiting is a technique used to control the rate at which requests are allowed to be made to a server or API. It helps prevent abuse, ensures fair usage, and protects the server from being overwhelmed by too many requests.

  10. HTTPS:

    • Explanation: HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version of HTTP, the protocol used for transmitting data between a user’s web browser and a website. It encrypts the data exchanged, enhancing security and protecting against eavesdropping and tampering.

  11. SSL Certificate:

    • Explanation: An SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate is a digital certificate that authenticates the identity of a website and encrypts information transmitted between the website and the user. It is a crucial component for establishing a secure HTTPS connection.

  12. Context:

    • Explanation: In the context of Go programming, a context is a package that allows the propagation of deadlines, cancellations, and other values across API boundaries and between processes. It aids in managing the lifecycle of a request.

  13. Concurrent Processing:

    • Explanation: Concurrent processing involves executing multiple tasks or operations simultaneously. In Go, concurrent processing is often achieved through Goroutines and can significantly improve the efficiency and responsiveness of a backend application.

  14. JWT (JSON Web Token):

    • Explanation: JWT is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims between two parties. In the context of web development, JWTs are commonly used for authentication and authorization by securely transmitting information between parties.

  15. Testing:

    • Explanation: Testing involves the systematic evaluation of code to ensure its correctness, identify bugs, and validate that it meets specified requirements. In Go, testing is facilitated by the built-in testing package, allowing developers to create test functions and suites.

  16. Deadline:

    • Explanation: In the context of context-based request handling, a deadline is a point in time by which a certain operation or task is expected to complete. Deadlines are often used to manage timeouts and ensure timely processing of requests.

  17. Cancellation:

    • Explanation: Cancellation, in the context of context-based handling, involves terminating an ongoing operation or task before it completes. It provides a mechanism to stop the execution of a request or operation in response to certain conditions.

  18. Authentication:

    • Explanation: Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, application, or system. In the context of web development, it involves mechanisms such as username-password authentication or token-based authentication to grant access to authorized users.

  19. Authorization:

    • Explanation: Authorization is the process of determining whether a user, once authenticated, has the necessary permissions to access a particular resource or perform a specific action. It ensures that users only have access to the resources they are allowed to use.

  20. SSL/TLS:

    • Explanation: SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols used to secure communication over a computer network. In the context of web development, they are employed to encrypt data transmitted between a web server and a client.

  21. Server-Side Application:

    • Explanation: A server-side application is a program or software that runs on a server and is responsible for processing requests from clients. It typically involves handling business logic, interacting with databases, and generating responses for client applications.

  22. Scalability:

    • Explanation: Scalability refers to the ability of a system, application, or network to handle an increasing amount of workload or users. In the context of backend development, scalable applications can efficiently accommodate growing demands without compromising performance.

  23. Optimization:

    • Explanation: Optimization involves the process of making a system or application more efficient, either in terms of speed, resource usage, or other performance metrics. It often includes refining algorithms, reducing bottlenecks, and improving overall responsiveness.

  24. Resource Utilization:

    • Explanation: Resource utilization refers to the effective and efficient use of system resources such as CPU, memory, and network bandwidth. Optimizing resource utilization ensures that the application performs well under varying workloads.

  25. Deadline:

    • Explanation: In the context of context-based request handling, a deadline is a point in time by which a certain operation or task is expected to complete. Deadlines are often used to manage timeouts and ensure timely processing of requests.

  26. JWT (JSON Web Token):

    • Explanation: JWT is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims between two parties. In the context of web development, JWTs are commonly used for authentication and authorization by securely transmitting information between parties.

  27. Testing:

    • Explanation: Testing involves the systematic evaluation of code to ensure its correctness, identify bugs, and validate that it meets specified requirements. In Go, testing is facilitated by the built-in testing package, allowing developers to create test functions and suites.

These key terms encapsulate a comprehensive understanding of the various elements involved in building a robust and scalable backend application using the Go programming language. Each term contributes to the overall architecture, security, and performance of the backend system.

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