Jordan, officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country located in the Middle East, bordering Saudi Arabia to the south and southeast, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and Israel and the Palestinian territories to the west. It covers a significant portion of the eastern side of the Jordan River, an area of considerable historical and geopolitical importance.
The total area of Jordan is approximately 89,342 square kilometers (34,495 square miles). This relatively modest size places Jordan as a mid-sized country in the context of the Middle Eastern region. To provide a comprehensive understanding of Jordan’s geographical expanse, it is beneficial to delve into the diverse features and administrative divisions that characterize the kingdom.
Geographically, Jordan is distinguished by its varied topography which includes arid deserts, fertile valleys, and elevated plateaus. The western part of Jordan is characterized by a series of mountainous terrains, such as the highlands of the Jordan Rift Valley and the prominent mountain ranges that form part of the larger Arabian Desert. The eastern region, in contrast, is dominated by expansive desert plains and the vast semi-arid areas of the Arabian Desert.
The Jordanian landscape is punctuated by several notable geographic features. To the west, the Jordan Valley stretches along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. This area is known for its significant historical and biblical relevance. The Dead Sea is a major focal point for tourism and a unique environmental feature due to its extreme salinity, which allows individuals to float effortlessly on its surface. Additionally, the region benefits from the fertile soil of the Jordan Valley, which has been used for agriculture for centuries.
In the central region of Jordan, the capital city, Amman, serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country. Amman is situated on a series of hills, providing a scenic vantage point over the surrounding areas. The city itself is characterized by a blend of modern development and historical sites, reflecting Jordan’s rich cultural heritage.
Further south, the city of Petra, an ancient city carved into the rose-red cliffs of the Ma’an Governorate, stands as one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. Petra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is renowned for its well-preserved sandstone architecture and intricate tombs and temples that date back to the Nabataean Kingdom. The city’s significance extends beyond its historical value; it also plays a crucial role in Jordan’s tourism industry.
To the east of Petra, the Wadi Rum desert is another prominent natural feature. Known for its dramatic sandstone mountains and expansive sand dunes, Wadi Rum is often referred to as the “Valley of the Moon.” This area has been the site of numerous film productions and is a popular destination for adventure tourism, including rock climbing, hiking, and jeep tours.
Jordan is administratively divided into twelve governorates (provinces), each of which encompasses a range of geographic and cultural features. These governorates include Amman, Zarqa, Irbid, Karak, Ma’an, Ajloun, Madaba, Jerash, Tafileh, Balqa, and the Northern Badia and Southern Badia regions. Each governorate is further divided into districts and sub-districts, which manage local governance and administration.
Despite its relatively small size, Jordan is strategically significant due to its location at the crossroads of several major civilizations and trade routes. Its geographic position has made it a historical meeting point for various cultures, religions, and empires. This historical significance is evident in the multitude of archaeological and cultural sites scattered throughout the country.
Jordan’s climate is largely influenced by its diverse topography. The western parts of the country, including the Jordan Valley and the highland areas around Amman, experience a Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In contrast, the eastern desert regions are characterized by an arid climate with extremely hot temperatures during the summer and cooler temperatures during the winter months.
Overall, Jordan’s land area of 89,342 square kilometers encompasses a rich tapestry of geographical and cultural features that contribute to its unique identity. From the historical marvels of Petra to the natural wonders of Wadi Rum and the strategic significance of its location, Jordan’s geography is integral to its national character and regional importance.