Nablus is one of the largest cities in the West Bank, situated in the northern part of the region. The city holds immense historical, cultural, and political significance, deeply rooted in its ancient past and serving as a key center in Palestinian society today. Known as “The Uncrowned Queen of Palestine,” Nablus is cherished for its rich history, geographical importance, and vibrant culture. It has played a prominent role in various periods of history, from ancient times through the Ottoman era and into the contemporary period of Palestinian resistance and identity formation.
Geography and Location
Nablus is located in a strategic valley between the two mountains of Ebal (Jabal Eibal) and Gerizim (Jabal Jarizim). It sits around 63 kilometers north of Jerusalem and approximately 45 kilometers east of the Mediterranean coast. This position has historically made it a key connector between the coastal plains of Palestine and the Jordan Valley. The city enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, allowing for a variety of agricultural activities, which are central to the local economy.
The mountains surrounding the city have also played a symbolic and practical role in the regionโs history. Mount Gerizim, in particular, holds religious significance for the Samaritans, a small ethnoreligious group that still resides in Nablus today and regards the mountain as sacred.
Ancient History
Nablus has ancient roots dating back to the Canaanite period, making it one of the oldest cities in the world. The site of the ancient city of Shechem, often associated with Nablus, is mentioned in the Bible and other ancient texts. Shechem was an important city-state during the Bronze Age and has been referenced as a center of worship and culture. Archaeological findings suggest that the city has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years.
In the Roman era, the city was renamed Flavia Neapolis in 72 CE by the Roman emperor Vespasian after the Jewish revolts. This name eventually evolved into the modern “Nablus.” During this period, the city developed as a Roman colony and was equipped with classical Roman architecture, including temples, theaters, and baths.
Islamic Era and Ottoman Rule
With the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Nablus became an important center of trade and learning in the region. Under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the city flourished as a hub of commerce, agriculture, and Islamic culture. The city became known for its production of olive oil, soap, and textiles, industries that continue to be important to the local economy today.
During the Crusades, Nablus was briefly occupied by European forces, but it was quickly reconquered by Muslim forces under the leadership of Saladin. In the centuries that followed, the city fell under the control of the Ayyubids, Mamluks, and eventually the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region from 1517 until World War I.
Under Ottoman rule, Nablus thrived as a regional capital. The city’s economy was bolstered by its role as a producer of soap made from olive oil, which was exported across the Middle East and Europe. The architecture of Nablus from this period reflects its prosperity, with grand mosques, bathhouses, and mansions still standing in the Old City today.
Nablus in the Modern Era
In the early 20th century, Nablus became part of the British Mandate of Palestine following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The city, like much of Palestine, experienced political unrest and was deeply affected by the rise of Arab nationalism and the growing tensions between Palestinian Arabs and Jewish settlers. In 1948, following the establishment of the state of Israel, Nablus fell under Jordanian control and remained part of Jordan until 1967, when Israel occupied the West Bank during the Six-Day War.
Since the 1967 war, Nablus has been a focal point of Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation. The city was heavily affected by both the First and Second Intifadas (Palestinian uprisings) in 1987 and 2000, during which it witnessed significant clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian militants. The city’s economy and infrastructure suffered greatly during these periods, but its population remained resilient.
In contemporary times, Nablus is governed by the Palestinian Authority but remains under Israeli military occupation. The city has continued to be a site of frequent political activity, demonstrations, and, at times, violent clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian residents. Despite the challenges of occupation, Nablus has managed to maintain its cultural and economic vitality.
Culture and Economy
Nablus is often regarded as a cultural capital of Palestine. The city has a deep tradition of arts, literature, and education. Nablus is home to An-Najah National University, one of the largest and most respected institutions of higher learning in the Palestinian territories. The university plays a crucial role in the intellectual and political life of the region, producing leaders in various fields.
The city’s economy remains centered around agriculture, with olive oil production being a significant industry. Nablus is famous for its olive oil soap, which has been produced in the city for centuries. This soap, known for its high quality and natural ingredients, is exported worldwide and remains a symbol of Nablus’s industriousness and craft.
In addition to olive oil, Nablus is known for its sweets, particularly Kanafeh, a traditional dessert made of thin noodle-like pastry soaked in sweet syrup and layered with soft cheese. This dessert is a point of pride for the city and attracts visitors from across the region.
The Old City of Nablus, with its narrow streets and ancient stone buildings, is a living museum of the city’s history. The Old City is home to several important religious and historical sites, including mosques, churches, and the remains of Roman and Ottoman architecture. The bustling souqs (markets) in the Old City offer a glimpse into the daily life and vibrant culture of Nablus, with merchants selling everything from fresh produce to handmade crafts.
Religious and Ethnic Diversity
Nablus is home to a diverse population, including Muslims, Christians, and Samaritans. The majority of the population is Muslim, but the city has historically had a significant Christian community. The Samaritans, a small, ancient community that claims descent from the northern Israelite tribes, also live in Nablus. They revere Mount Gerizim, which they believe to be the true holy site of Godโs covenant, as opposed to the Jewish tradition of Mount Moriah in Jerusalem. The Samaritans celebrate their religious festivals and maintain their own unique traditions, contributing to the religious diversity of the city.
Political Significance
As one of the largest cities in the West Bank, Nablus holds considerable political importance in the Palestinian territories. The city has been a center of political activism and resistance throughout its history, especially during periods of foreign occupation. During the British Mandate, Nablus was a hotbed of Arab nationalist activity, and it played a prominent role in the revolts against British and Zionist forces.
In the modern era, Nablus remains a stronghold of political activism, with various Palestinian factions maintaining a presence in the city. The city has also been a flashpoint during conflicts with Israel, especially during the Intifadas. Despite the political instability and violence that has affected the city, the people of Nablus continue to play a key role in the Palestinian national movement.
Challenges and Resilience
Today, Nablus faces numerous challenges due to the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The city is surrounded by Israeli checkpoints, which restrict the movement of goods and people, hampering economic development. The occupation has also led to frequent confrontations between Israeli soldiers and Palestinian residents, resulting in casualties and damage to infrastructure. The economy has suffered, with high unemployment rates and limited opportunities for young people.
However, the people of Nablus are known for their resilience. Despite these challenges, the city remains a vibrant center of Palestinian life. Local initiatives aimed at promoting education, cultural preservation, and economic development continue to thrive. Nablus’s historical and cultural heritage serves as a source of pride and a symbol of endurance for its residents.
In conclusion, Nablus is a city that embodies the complexities of Palestinian history and society. With its ancient roots, rich cultural traditions, and enduring spirit of resistance, Nablus continues to be a vital part of the Palestinian narrative. It stands as a testament to the resilience of its people, who have managed to preserve their heritage and identity despite the many challenges they face. The cityโs deep historical significance, combined with its contemporary importance, makes it a key location for understanding the broader Palestinian experience.