The Strait of Gibraltar, known in antiquity as the Pillars of Hercules, is the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa. The name “Pillars of Hercules” was originally applied to the Rock of Gibraltar and the Jebel Musa mountain in Morocco, both of which flank the entrance to the strait. In Greek mythology, Hercules was said to have pushed apart the two mountains to create the strait. The ancient Romans called the strait “Fretum Herculeum” or the “Strait of Hercules.”
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The Strait of Gibraltar has played a significant role in both ancient and modern history due to its strategic location at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. It is only about 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) wide at its narrowest point, making it a crucial chokepoint for maritime traffic between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
The name “Pillars of Hercules” has a long history and is believed to have originated from the Greek legend of the Twelve Labors of Hercules. According to the myth, Hercules was tasked with retrieving the cattle of Geryon, a giant who lived beyond the “Pillars of Hercules.” These pillars were thought to mark the edge of the known world at the time, beyond which lay the unknown and dangerous waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
The Rock of Gibraltar, located on the eastern side of the strait, is a prominent landmark with a long history of military fortifications due to its strategic importance. It has been held by various civilizations over the centuries, including the Phoenicians, Romans, Moors, and Spanish. Today, Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory.
On the opposite side of the strait, Jebel Musa in Morocco is often identified as one of the “Pillars of Hercules.” The mountain’s name means “Moses’ Mountain” in Arabic, and it is also associated with various myths and legends.
The strategic significance of the Strait of Gibraltar continues to be relevant today, as it is a key transit route for maritime trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It is also an important passage for migratory birds and marine life, making it a unique and ecologically diverse region.