Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a sovereign state located in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest country in the Middle East and the 13th largest in the world, covering approximately 2,150,000 square kilometers (830,000 square miles). Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to its northeast.
Geography and Landscape
Saudi Arabia’s terrain is primarily desert, with rugged mountains in the southwest and coastal plains along the Red Sea. The Rub’ al Khali, also known as the Empty Quarter, is the largest continuous sand desert in the world, encompassing much of the southern part of the country. Despite its arid climate, Saudi Arabia has a diverse geography that includes oases, valleys, and even some fertile regions where agriculture is possible with irrigation.
Administrative Divisions
Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 administrative regions, each governed by a regional governor appointed by the king. These regions are further subdivided into governorates (mintaqah) and sub-governorates (mudiriyah). The administrative regions of Saudi Arabia are:
-
Riyadh Region – Located in the central part of the country, Riyadh is both the capital city and the administrative center of the region.
-
Makkah Region – This region includes the holy city of Mecca (Makkah) and is a significant destination for Muslim pilgrims performing the Hajj or Umrah.
-
Madinah Region – Known for the city of Medina (Madinah), the second holiest city in Islam and the burial place of the Prophet Muhammad.
-
Eastern Province – Also known as the Eastern Region, this area is significant for its oil reserves and industrial centers.
-
Asir Region – Located in the southwest, Asir is known for its mountainous terrain and cooler climate compared to the rest of the country.
-
Tabuk Region – This region is in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia and has historical significance dating back to ancient civilizations.
-
Hail Region – Situated in the north of the country, Hail is known for its agricultural production and historical landmarks.
-
Northern Borders Region – Borders Jordan and Iraq to the north and is known for its desert landscapes and archaeological sites.
-
Jizan Region – Located in the southwest along the Red Sea coast, Jizan is known for its tropical climate and agricultural output.
-
Najran Region – Borders Yemen to the south and is known for its historical and cultural heritage.
-
Al Bahah Region – Known for its scenic beauty, Al Bahah is located in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia.
-
Al Jawf Region – Situated in the north of the country, Al Jawf is known for its archaeological sites and desert landscapes.
-
Qassim Region – Located in the central part of the country, Qassim is known for its agriculture and historical significance.
Cultural Significance
Saudi Arabia holds immense cultural and religious significance, being home to the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. The country follows a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam, and its culture is deeply rooted in Islamic traditions. The Saudi Arabian government places significant emphasis on preserving its cultural heritage while also developing modern infrastructure and promoting economic diversification.
Economy
Saudi Arabia has one of the largest economies in the Middle East and is heavily dependent on oil exports, with petroleum accounting for approximately 87% of government revenues and 42% of GDP. The country possesses about 16% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves, which plays a crucial role in its economy and global influence. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has been working towards economic diversification through its Vision 2030 initiative, which aims to reduce dependence on oil, privatize certain industries, and promote sectors like tourism, entertainment, and technology.
Political System
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, and the king serves as both the head of state and government. The country operates under Sharia law, with the Quran and Sunnah serving as the constitution of the state. The king appoints ministers and members of the Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura), which advises on policy matters. The royal family, known as the House of Saud, has governed Saudi Arabia since its establishment in 1932.
International Relations
Saudi Arabia plays a significant role in regional and international politics due to its economic influence, religious importance, and strategic alliances. The country maintains strong ties with the United States and other Western nations while also leading initiatives within the Arab world through organizations like the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Saudi Arabia has been actively involved in efforts to stabilize the Middle East, including diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts in Yemen and support for the Palestinian cause.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Saudi Arabia is a country with a rich cultural heritage, strategic importance, and significant economic resources. Its administrative divisions reflect its diverse geography and historical development, while its political system and cultural practices are deeply rooted in Islamic traditions. As the country continues to navigate economic challenges and social reforms, Saudi Arabia remains a key player in regional and global affairs, shaping policies that impact both the Middle East and the wider world.