The smallest country in Europe by land area is Vatican City, also known as the Holy See. Situated entirely within the city of Rome, Italy, Vatican City is an independent city-state with an area of approximately 44 hectares, or 110 acres, which translates to about 0.44 square kilometers, or 0.17 square miles. This minuscule size makes it not only the smallest European country but also the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world.
Vatican City’s sovereignty is a result of the Lateran Treaty signed on February 11, 1929, between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which established Vatican City as an independent and self-governing entity. The Holy See, which is the central governing body of the Catholic Church, and Vatican City, which serves as its physical manifestation, operate as distinct entities. The Holy See has a significant role in international relations, diplomacy, and global affairs, while Vatican City serves as the administrative and spiritual center of the Catholic Church.
Despite its small size, Vatican City is densely packed with historical, cultural, and religious significance. The city-state is renowned for its vast collections of art and historical manuscripts, and it is home to St. Peter’s Basilica, one of the largest and most important churches in Christianity. The basilica, which stands as a testament to Renaissance architecture, was designed primarily by architects Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It is built over the tomb of Saint Peter, one of Jesus Christ’s Apostles and considered the first Pope by the Catholic Church.
Another major landmark within Vatican City is the Vatican Museums, which house one of the most impressive collections of art and historical artifacts in the world. This collection includes the renowned Sistine Chapel, famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo, depicting scenes from the Book of Genesis, including the iconic “Creation of Adam.” The Vatican Museums are not only a pilgrimage site for art lovers but also a treasure trove of classical sculptures, Renaissance masterpieces, and religious relics.
Vatican City’s governance is unique and reflects its religious character. It is an ecclesiastical state, meaning that it is governed by religious officials. The Pope, who is the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church, is also the head of state of Vatican City. The Pope’s authority encompasses both spiritual and temporal aspects, and he exercises supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority within the city-state. The governance structure includes various bodies and officials appointed by the Pope, including the Secretariat of State, which handles the day-to-day administrative affairs of the Vatican, and the Vatican Bank, which manages the financial assets of the Holy See.
In terms of population, Vatican City is one of the least populated countries in the world. Its residents are primarily clergy, including the Pope and members of the Vaticanโs various administrative departments, as well as members of religious orders, Swiss Guards, and a small number of laypeople. The Swiss Guards are particularly notable for their distinctive Renaissance-era uniforms and their role as the official protectors of the Pope and the Vatican.
The economy of Vatican City is unique as well, relying heavily on contributions from Catholics around the world, known as Peter’s Pence, as well as revenue from tourism, museum admissions, and the sale of publications and stamps. The Vatican’s economy operates on a non-commercial basis, focusing more on sustaining its religious and administrative functions rather than pursuing profit.
Despite its small size, Vatican City has a significant influence on global affairs due to its position as the center of the Catholic Church. The Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with many countries and participates in international organizations and global discussions, including those related to peace, social justice, and human rights. Its role in international diplomacy is facilitated by its unique position as both a religious and sovereign entity.
The small but historically and culturally rich nature of Vatican City provides a compelling example of how even the tiniest states can have profound impacts on global culture, religion, and politics. Its existence underscores the diversity of political entities that exist in the modern world and serves as a reminder of the intricate ways in which religion and statecraft can intersect.